History
One of humanity's darkest hours, the decline of the middle ages was a truly horrific time in history. Such a lamented time, though, was not brought to its worst point overnight. Several factors, the most prominent being the bubonic plague, actually combined to bring mankind to an all time low. During the middle ages, religion played a major role in the lives of everyday people. The last book of the bible, the book of Revelation, prompted multitudes of people to believe the world was coming to an end. This, coupled with the rising mortality rate due to the plague, inspired many to take refuge in God. What else could they do in the midst of such chaos? Though the church was many peoples' last hope, the house of God itself was having some domestic issues. It was so bad, in fact, that the church actually added to the misery of the times. Events like the Babylonian Captivity cut the church off from its historic roots and deeply hurt its prestige. Religious leaders became so focused on bureaucracy and politics that some of the religious nature of the church was lost. Such problems badly hurt the moral of the people and their faith in God. The Hundred Years War, actually lasting from 1337-1453, also took its toll on the general moral throughout Europe. With several immediate and distant causes, the war was a deeply intertwined ball of land rights and political unrest. Whatever the cause, the Hundred Years War brought both England and France into a tiresome battle that would claim the lives of thousands and plunge Europe ever deeper into the maelstrom of destruction that was the Middle Ages. Although it now seems strange, at the time, the hundred years war was supported on both sides. It offered new opportunities of wealth and prestige to those in the noble class. It also changed the reputation of war itself so that it...
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added: 12/12/2011
World War II was a devastating time for Americans and countries around the world. There is so much that went into the war and so many aspects that are deeper than the war itself. Often left out of conversation and partly in remembrance of this particular occurrence include an unparalleled feat of patriotism and bravery during the war. There were many events during the war that would alter history forever. This was the first time that women were given a chance to be apart of a war. This was the first time black men and women had an opportunity to be a part of a war. There was a huge migration of blacks from the south. The segregation of the black recruits in the military. There was also internal American conflict with Japanese residents, and Japanese internment. There was Nazi-Jewish conflict overseas with nazi death camps and the holocaust. All of these things affected the war and the course of history. So how did it all start? Before the attack of Pearl Harbor, there are two specific events that had already traced a path for WWII. One of them was the downfall of France, which occurred in June 1941. The second event was Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. Hitler really wanted to make sure that when he died he would leave his smudge in history. Hitler and Stalin were like two self-centered teenage girl- "friends", prone to stab each other in the back; neither one of them trusted the other. They engaged in a long-drawn-out negotiation in a secret attempt to split up potential territorial treasure amongst them both. Stalin was not satisfied with dominant German control over the Balkans. Hitler (not being able to handle things as a civil human being) decide it would be best to crush his...
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added: 01/08/2012
Define the following terms appropriately: Agrarian Revolution Industrial Revolution What was the contribution of Alfred Weber and Von Thunen towards the revolutions? How have their theories been applicable in the United States and Europe? The Agrarian Revolution was a period of time that adopted a "common" land concept, which defined legal rights of ownership and eliminated the "open-field" system of cultivation. This improved the quality and productivity of agriculture because a clear description of property encouraged landlords to use new types of machinery and to experiment with new methods of irrigation, drainage, crop rotation, and the use of fertilizers. These changes did greatly impoverish both landless poor and the small free-holders because from that time on they could exploit resources of "common" land. As a consequence, many of them sold their holdings and either became landless laborers working for the great landowners or moved to the new industrial towns causing a real demographic revolution. Von Thünen created a model which hypothesized about agricultural land use (pictured). He designed four rings that surround the city. The city is located in the middle within an "Isolated State" which is self sufficient and has no external influences. Dairying and farming occur in the ring closest to the city. Timber and firewood would be produced for fuel and building materials in the second zone. The third zone consists of fields of crops such as grains for bread. Ranching is located in the final ring surrounding the central city. Beyond the fourth ring lies the unoccupied wilderness. This contributes to today's society where most major cities in the United States and Europe have town centers, a landmark or governmental building may mark this center, and everything revolves around it from social aspects to finances. Without the agrarian revolution, there would have been no industrial revolution because the British farming slowly became more and...
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added: 02/07/2012
According to the NEW WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY AND THESAURUS of the English Language, a hero is a man of exceptional quality who wins admiration by noble deeds, esp. deeds of courage. The male character of a play, novel, etc. about whom the action turns and in whose fate the readers or audience are sympathetically involved. A man of superhuman powers, regarded as a demigod after his death. I believe that out of those three the best definition would be the first one. It is the closest definition we have to define the word hero. In my own personal opinion, I think a hero is someone who is self-less, courageous, compassionate, and forgiving. I can say I know heroes but not the kind you might be thinking, the ones I know did not save the world or destroy evil creatures. The heroes I know have loved me all my life and I will love them all my life. You might know heroes just as I do and they might even be people I know. I know that my mom and dad are heroes because they meet my standard of one. My grandparents are heroes to me because they show the characteristics of what I think a hero is. Close to two years ago the tragic 9/11 occurred and probably brought forth the most heroes this country had seen in awhile. The firefighters and police officers and all those who worked hard to save lives at ground zero are considered to be heroes by all and I agree. Now, the soldiers in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other countries are the heroes to Americans and maybe to other nations, too. I believe completely that we need heroes in our lives. If we did not have these people called heroes, we would not have people to set an example...
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added: 01/11/2012
The alphabet is a set of signs or signals that has its meaning and people have been used it to communicate with others. An example of the set of the alphabet that has its meaning is the word ¡§money¡¨. There are 5 alphabets in this word, and the meaning is ¡§the coin or bank notes that you use to buy things, or the sum that you have in a bank account¡¨(Collins COBUILD dictionary, 2001). The alphabet can be divided into two types, which are consonant and vowel. Some languages have both consonant and vowel, and some have only consonant. According to Foundationstone (2003), there are three types of recording a language, which are pictograms, phonograms and the combination of the two. Using pictograms, words were represented by pictures or symbols such as Chinese characters. The second type, phonogram, uses a set of symbols to represent words such as the English writing system. In the last type, some words are presented in pictograms, and some words are presented in phonograms such as Egyptian hieroglyphs. Nowadays, we mostly use the second type of recording to write languages (Unifon, 2003). The alphabet also has the phonetic system, which means every single alphabet has particular sounds. For example, the sound of the character ¡§A¡¨ in English is ¡§„g¡¨ (Richardson, 2003). References Peter T. Daniels and William Bright (1996) The world¡¦s Writing Systems, Oxford. Collins COBUILD Dictionary (2001) Collins COBUILD Dictionary, English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, Third edition. HarperCollins Publishers, Westerhill Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G65 2QT Foundationstone (2003) Appendix A ¡V The Origin if Alphabet [Web site] http://foundationstone.com.au/HtmlSupport/OnlineHebrewTutorial/Html/21_AppendixA.html retrieved on 30 Oct 2003 Unifon (2003) The Alphabet [Web site] http://www.unifon.org/alphabet.htm retrieved on 30 Oct 2003 Richardson (2003) E.C. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia [Web site] http://www.studylight.org/enc/isb/print.cgi?number=T420 retrieved on 5 Nov 2003...
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added: 11/15/2011
Renaissance," French for "rebirth," perfectly describes the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the end of thirteen through the sixteenth centuries. During the era known by this name, Europe emerged from the economic stagnation of the Middle Ages and experienced a time of financial growth. Also, and perhaps most importantly, the Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions
The Renaissance was a period in time of the New Modern World. People begun to reveal their uniqueness and ambitions of how they felt and lived. Europe was gradually recovering from the "Black Death", which wiped out one-third of the population. Humanists began to search monasteries, churches, and other institutions for ancient scholars.
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) who wrote Divine Comedy, written in Italian instead of Latin, was a major contributor to the Renaissance. Therefore, not only the scholars could read his writing, but also the population had access. Divine Comedy has been called "the glimmer of the dawn". Francesco Petrach (1304-1374) is believed to be the real initiator in the learning of literature. He also wrote in Italian. As the initiator he opened doors and directed talents for many others.
Many modern has criticized Jacob Burkhardt, a nineteenth-century Swiss Historian, in his interpretation of the Renaissance in his writing of Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). Some historians, as Peter Burke feels that Jacob focused on a particular group instead of the whole.
There are many different opinions and thoughts on the Renaissance. Denys Hay saw the Renaissance as a style of living with medieval patterns. Robert S. Lopez paying attention to the financial aspects, while Johan Huizinga felt that the Renaissance was the end of medieval times. Beside their different thoughts all seem to be in agreement that the Renaissance was a...
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added: 10/20/2011
Freshman Summer Packet PIB Integrated History Brandon Espinosa 415494 1) Abdicate is to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, or the like, esp. in a femoral manner. 2) Abolitionists 1. The act of abolishing. 2. The legal termination of Negro slavery in the U.S. 3) Absolute monarch is a monarchy that is not limited by laws or a condition. 4) Anarchist is one who uses violent means to overthrow the established order. 5) Anti Federalists is a member of the group opposed the adoption of the U.S. constitution. 6) Anti Semitism is a hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or radical group. 7) Apartheid is a policy of segregation a political and economic discrimination against non-European group in the Republic of Southern Africa. 8) Appeasement is to bring to a state of peace or contentment; pacify. 9) Armistice is the temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement between the opponents. 10) Assimilate is to take into the mind and thoroughly comprehend. 11) Autocracy is the government in which one person possesses unlimited power. 12) Autocrat is a person (as a monarch) ruling with unlimited authority. 13) Balance of power is equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another. 14) Barter economy is an economic model of international trade in which goods are exchanged for goods without the existence of money. 15) Bicameral is having, consisting of, or based on two legislative chambers. 16) Blockade is the isolation by a warring nation of an enemy area (as a harbor) by troops or warships to prevent passage of persons or supplies; broadly: a restrictive measure designed to obstruct the commerce and communications of an unfriendly nation. 17) Bureaucracy is government characterized by specialization of functions, adherence to fixed rules, and a hierarchy of authority. 18) Capital 1. Is a city serving as a...
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added: 11/17/2011
It is true that Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas, but does he really deserve his own holiday? Other groups of people deserve credit for reaching North America. People arrived here from Asia over 29,000 years ago. Columbus also made many miscalculations during his journeys. Another major aspect of Columbus' journeys was wiping out the Arawak Indian tribe. All of these points will be mentioned later. Columbus reached the Caribbean on his voyage and found Indians. When he reached San Salvador, the Indians greeted him with spears, beads, food, and a golden mask. The Indians did anything Columbus asked and it was then that he decided that they would make great slaves. Columbus said, " They would make fine servants.... With fifty men we could subjugate them and make them do whatever we want." He returned to Spain promising King Ferdinand plentiful gold and slaves. He returned to San Salvador and forced the Arawaks to pay a certain quantity of gold each week or they would be killed. The gold fields there were very small and many of the Arawaks were killed. The remaining Indians were brought back to Spain to be slaves. Columbus would later write, " Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity go on sending all the slaves that can be sold." Before he even got to San Salvador, Columbus made many miscalculations along the way. He estimated that Asia was much closer than it really was. If he had not spotted San Salvador, he would most likely have died at sea. He had only gone one third of the way to Asia and missed his estimation of distance by thousands of miles. He did not realize, despite some obvious clues, that he had not reached Asia. He died believing that he had discovered a new continent. The...
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added: 12/06/2011
The Delaware Complaint One of the main issues among the Iroquois tribes and the Pennsylvanians was that of the "Walking Purchase" and the Delaware Complaint against the contract. Between 1630 and 1767 the Lenni Lenape Indians of New Jersey and Pennsylvania signed many deeds of land to colonists that numbered around 800. Little did the Indian people know, the Europeans would use the land to eventually push the Native Americans out of their homeland. One man named William Penn claimed to have discovered a document in 1734 that would give him land based upon the idea that Delaware chiefs agreed to give away land to his father and his heirs. The constituents of the document referred to the idea of giving the amount of land that a man could walk in a day and a half. The chiefs agreed unwillingly to the idea and Penn took many miles when the Indians gave a few inches. The Delaware would not have given the land away, but felt obligated to fulfill what Penn had said about their ancestors giving land to the Pennsylvanians. The Pennsylvanians took more than was offered by clearing a path and hiring three runners who were supposed to "walk" the distance. The runners ran 65 miles and gave Penn the rights to approximately 41,600 acres of land. The "walk" had turned into a "run" and the Indians were upset with how wrongly they had been treated. The Delaware felt that the runners should have "walked along by the River Delaware or the Indian path next to it --- should have sat down and smoked a pipe, and now and then have shot a squirrel, and not have kept up the run." Disputes arose, but the Indians had lost the battle. The "Walking Purchase" was the last step in the process...
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added: 12/08/2011
This book illustrates the views of a Frenchman on politics, society, and ideals of the U.S during the period of the 1830's. Tocqueville states his observations, provides solutions to what he finds faulty and predicts America's destiny. This book contains several themes concerning the structure of the American government and its relation to democracy as well as its influence on the behavior of people. I'm going to focus on the tyranny of the majority and its effect on democracy. Tocqueville mentions that after the Revolution, democracy became the "law of laws" Tocqueville (56). In his opinion, equality initiated democracy and can be of great harm to it if practiced excessively. I find Tocqueville's opinion about democracy quite ambivalent because I see him praising the moral authority of the majority in one hand and then expressing its dangers on the other hand. He thinks, "social power superior to all others must always be placed somewhere" Tocqueville(114). At the same time he feels that this power might be similar to the power of anarchy as he says "If it be admitted that a man possessing absolute power may misuse the power by wronging his adversaries, why should not a majority be liable to the same reproach?" Toqueville (114). He also predicts that this power might turn into tyranny in the future since it is unlimited. He relates this tyranny to the lack of proportionality between power and wisdom in the U.S and shows that humans in general cannot be powerful without causing danger. "God alone can be omnipotent because his wisdom and his justice are always equal to his power." Tocquiville (114) Tocqueville dislikes the lack of the freedom of thought in America and finds it a strong indication of the tyranny of the majority. Even though under the U.S constitution a citizen has the...
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added: 01/03/2012
Compare how effectively two or more post communist countries have become institutionalised democratic countries. There is yet no apparent stable democracy formed from a post-communist country. The democracies are still very unstable due to a number of diverse factors. This instability is very obvious in those regions of the formerly communist world where there is warfare, notably in parts of the Soviet Union. But even where there is no definite fighting, there are frequent symbols of instability. These are the frequency in which there are elections, changes in government and government policy. Constant change in government polices and non-adoption of policies. 'Constant reforming of political parties and coalitions; frequent constitutional changes and so on' . According to Diuk & Karatnycky three types of states emerged from the communist regime. The first would be where the communist regime had been overthrown and replaced by democratically elected leaders. Secondly a state where both democracy and communism were forced to coexist in an uneasy alliance. The third type was where the communists still ruled but in the guise of democrats. I am going to take one country from each of these types of states to examine. Firstly from the first category we will look at Armenia. By 1988 it was democratised and had a strong government. However where Armenia was concerned the government consisted of non-communists and former communist opposition. The press had a free rein and all opposition groups were allowed to run. In the second category , During the summer of 1992 'Ukraine, which had elected a former communist party ideology secretary as president, had a government in which the old guard apparatchiki constituted the majority' . The press in the Ukraine were allowed have as much freedom as they wanted the television stations were strictly controlled. At this time the parliament held a communist...
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Deng Xiaoping's influences on the daily life of the Chinese people caused him to be portrayed as one of the greatest leaders of Chinese history. George Church recorded that Deng's openness to technological advances and new ideas changed the Chinese economy forever (26). For these reasons, Deng Xiaoping was chosen to be Time's Man of the Year for his accomplishments leading up to the year 1985. Born Deng Xixian (1904-1997) he changed his name as a young, Pro-Marxist revolutionary (Landsberger). Also known as Teng Hsiao-ping, he attended a modern primary school until he graduated and moved onto a French work-study program in 1920 (Smith, A1). Although he gained little from the work experience, he did begin to study Marxism and eventually joined the Chinese Communist Party. Moving to Moscow to study in 1926, Deng entered the Communist University of the Toilers and then transferred to Sun Yat-sen University (A1). At that time, he was selected through the Communist International to be a member of the Chinese National Army in order to prepare for a revolution (A1). Deng leapt at the chance, and in 1927 returned to China in order to fulfill those duties (A1). Deng married Chang Xiyuan in 1928 (Yang, 56) and couple worked for Shanghai's underground Communist Party Center between 1927 and 1929 (55-56). One of his mentors, Zhou Enlai, served as the Party Center's chief secretary, a link that would help Deng later in his career (57). In 1929, Deng assisted with communications for the Red Army, which later evolved into the People's Liberation Army (PLA), in China's civil war (Landsberger). In 1932, two years after his first wife's death, Deng married his second wife, Ah Jin and she left him a year or two later to marry another. (Yang, 72-75). Deng's third and final marriage was to the...
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added: 12/11/2011
Robert F. Kennedy once said that, "Each time a man stands up for an ideal or the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope." Moreover, this fact is seen through Oskar Schindler and the 1,200 Jews he saved or the village of Le Chambon and the 5,000 Jews they took in and rescued. Subsequently, however, though many individuals showed compassion during the Holocaust and showed basic humanity towards their fellow neighbors, no other nation collectively helped the Jews as Denmark did. Thus, the "Danish rescue was unique because it was nationwide" (Rescue).
To understand why the Danes decided to help save their fellow countrymen, one must learn about the life of Jews before the Second World War. Contrary to other European countries, there never were Jewish ghettos. In fact, in 1814, long before Denmark,s neighbors, the King at the time gave full equality to the Jews as citizens. This action allowed the Jews to integrate with the Christians so much that by 1940, 1,300 people were half Jewish. Hence, by the time the war began they could not "recognize Jews as Jews, but as Danes" (Pearl). There was basically no anti-Semitism. The other reasons why Danes helped, and were able to help, was because it was close to neutral Sweden, the Germans waited three years before they went after Danish Jews, high placed German officials were in opposition to action against the Jews, Germany was less brutal in Denmark then in other countries and because Denmark only had fewer than 8,000 Jews (Levine 1). Also, the Danes had a history of protecting one another, especially King Christian X.
Once, a German solider asked a little boy, while seeing the king walking unguarded, -Who is that man who rides past here every morning on...
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added: 10/14/2011
DEPH STUDY USA (1919 - 1941) · How far did the USA economy boom in the 1920´s? 1. On what factors was the economic boom based? 2. Why did some industries prosper while others did not? 3. Why did agriculture did not share the boom? 4. Did all the Americans benefit from the boom? Some of the reasons by which the economic boom started were because of the USA's industrial strength, the impact of the First World War, the Republican policies, the new industries and the new methods and the state of mind. Some industries prosper much more than others. One example was the moto-car industry, which boomed around the 1920´s. It all started with Henry Ford, who set up the first moving production line in the world, in a giant shed in Detroit. By the end of the 1920´s, the motor industry was America's biggest industry. But the boom of the car industry not only benefited itself, as dozens of other industries, which were required to build the cars, such as glass, leather, rubber, steel, and petrol industries, among others grew all the same. But the moto-car industry was not the only one to grow. By the 1920´s skyscrapers were built in New York. There was more new building going on the USA than ever before. Also, like many cars were produced and sold, many more roads had to be constructed. These new roads gave rise to a new truck industry. In 1918 only a few homes had electricity, but by 1929 almost all urban homes had it. There were virtually no civilian airlines in 1918, but by the year 1930 the new aircraft companies flew over 162,00 flights a year. In the 1920´s a new substitute for the silk, which had once been a luxury item reserved for the rich, had been invented: rayon. Also,...
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added: 06/20/2011
The Great Depression did not just happen in America, it was born. In the 1930's a sequence of key events and problems led to the fall of America's economy. These included speculation, depressed farms and industries, wealth distribution, low money supply, no safeguards, overproduction, unemployment, and decline in foreign trade. Speculation was a way of gambling with short term investments. Speculators bought low stocks, which they thought, would rise in price, and when they sold them they would receive a profit. This was like gambling on the stock market, which seemed to attract thousands of Americans. The stock market boom was very unsteady, because it was based on borrowed money and false optimism. When investors lost confidence, the stock market collapsed, taking them along with it. Depressed farms and industries caused wages to drop and forced employers to lay off their workers. With their low incomes, many farmers and workers could not afford the manufactured goods that the industries have been producing at a fast rate. This underconsumption became a major disadvantage in the economy. Wealth distribution referred to the big gap between rich and poor. The top 5% received 30% of the wealth, which was social inequity. Even though business profits rose in many industries, workers did not receive a fair and equal share of these profits. This forced goods and products to pile up in warehouses across the nation because there were not enough buying consumers due to the fact that they did not have any money. Overproduction was advanced by the use of the assembly line, which increased the efficiency rate and took less time to make the same product. There was too much supply and not enough demand. After the assembly line invention, many companies started laying off workers because of the efficiency rate dramatically increased and...
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added: 01/31/2012
The Depression 1921-1940 The Great Depression known as 'Black Thursday' began in October1929 and lasted for about a decade. It was the worst economic crash ever in U.S. history, and one, which spread to virtually the entire industrialized world. The depression started when large numbers of people brought shares in companies. By buying shares low and selling them at a higher price, investors could make a lot of money quickly. Unfortunately, as the shares dropped, many people wanted to sell before the share price fell below what they had paid for the shares. The main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the last part of that same decade. Australia entered the depression because it depended on selling overseas products like wool, wheat and minerals, but countries could not afford to buy these products as the poverty cycle began. Overnight, individuals and companies were ruined. The depression threatened people's jobs, savings, and even their homes and farms. How did this event influence or have an impact upon Australia society? The Depression has a big impact on Australian society firstly it meant the shame of unemployment. In Australia, unemployment peaked in 1933 at approximately 28 per cent. The unemployed felt humiliated and many names were called. Women had to resign as an order from the government to help solve this problem. Many families couldn't afford to pay rent and were evicted from their homes. Some families left in the middle of the night to help maintain a bit of dignity. These families that were evicted moved to a 'Shanty Town'. These towns were made up of tents, made from potatoes bags, old crates, corrugated iron and cardboard. The Shanty Town was for families who had...
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added: 02/13/2012
Watson: Montana 1948 Summary In a small town out West, the summer of 1948 is a turning point in the lives of 12-year-old David Hayden and his parents. When David's uncle is accused of sexual abuse, the family must choose between loyalty and justice. Author Biography Larry Watson, the author of Montana 1948, was born in Rugby, North Dakota. His father, and his grandfather before him, was the sheriff of this small town in northeastern North Dakota. When he was five years old, the family moved to Bismarck, North Dakota. Although Watson loved to read, he was an unmotivated student. After junior college, during which he married his high school sweetheart, he entered the University of North Dakota. He enrolled in a writing class and began writing poems. With faculty encouragement, he abandoned pre-law and decided on teaching as a career. He wrote stories for his M.A., then moved to the University of Utah to pursue the flexible Ph.D. program in creative writing. For his thesis at the University of Utah, he wrote In a Dark Time, a mystery of sorts. This was his first published novel, which gained respectful reviews although it was not especially profitable. After leaving the University of Utah, Watson taught at the University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point. His recent success has allowed him to cut his teaching time in half. He has considered leaving Stevens Point to find a new comfortable place. Success was elusive, and it was not until 1993 and the publication of Montana 1948 that Watson achieved his goal. Montana 1948 won Milkweed's annual National Fiction Prize. Watson has since published Justice, a prequel to Montana 1948, and White Crosses just this year. bla...
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added: 12/16/2011
Describe popular culture in the 1960s
The 1960s saw many changes in Britain, it was a prolonged period when people felt that their troubles were behind them, after 30 years of gloom. Because many couples had put off having children during the war, there was a big boom in birthrate between the years of 1945 and 1947. These 'baby boomers' were in their middle teens at the beginning of the 1960s, and it is they who remember the decade with the most affection.
The 1960s were a decade of change, and changes in the media industry included the introduction of colour supplements and tabloid newspapers. Teen magazines appeared for the first time in 1961, and the most successful ones were 'Honey' and '19,' which provided information about the latest trends regarding clothes, style and music. 'Underground' magazines also began appearing in the early 60s, appearing first in 1961, and featured its first 'gag' cover in 1962. Their pictures were anarchic in style, frequently being printed out of focus or super-imposed and the type was laid unconventionally, appearing diagonally or even upside-down.
Music itself didnt change much in the early 60s, the music still included sentimental lyrics and catchy tunes that the older generation didnt disapprove of. The real change was in technology, the invention of the 7" single in the middle of the decade meant music was now cheaper to buy and lighter and easier to carry around. Teenagers could carry music around with them and that singles could be played it jukeboxes, making it easier for teens to catch up with the latest songs. Popular artists of the early 60s were influenced very heavily by America, and Cliff Richard, Tommy Steele and Billy Fury all tended to copy American trends and produce cover versions of American hits.
Despite the success of the aforementioned...
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added: 10/13/2011
Artists and entertainers built the foundations of America's well-known culture. Jazz musicians and club singers encouraged a world of passion, rebellion and freedom and the big-screen stars changed the world of America's young generation of the era. Jazz music encouraged awareness of Black Americans and on some level, placed whites and blacks on the same step of the ladder. Entertainers set the wheels in motion for changes in women's right, changes in morality and acts of rebellion. The Jazz singers of Chicago and New Orleans impacted on American Culture through their passion for the soulful melody of Jazz. Most Jazz singers were African American and although anti-black campaigns were at their height (a result of the growth of the terrifying racist terrorist organisation the Ku Klux Klan), white Americans' found themselves being able to lose themselves in the music that was second-nature to their darker skinned fellow Americans. With the white society's growing fancy of Jazz, came the emergence of Flappers, Jazz bars and the unique party-like atmosphere of the speak-easies. Flappers rebelled against the prohibition and embraced the life of jazz and liquor. Flappers, speak-easies and Jazz came hand in hand with the lifestyle that many American's chose to live in the 1920's and a lot of this was due to the unmistakable influence that Jazz singers had on American culture. Jazz gave many white Americans a sense of freedom and rebellion. By embracing the music of the Blacks - the 'inferior' race - they felt they were doing something forbidden – and rebellion was what the 1920's was all about. Before the Jazz Age, the namesake music was a creation of the minority group in America – the African Americans. With the birth of the white-mans jazz in the 1920's, many didn't realise for a long time the roots from which...
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added: 06/27/2011
A traditional pyramid complex usually comprised of a pyramid, burial chamber, Mortuary Temple, Valley Temple, causeway, boat pits and subsidiary pyramids, with a variation of features in each complex. The pyramid itself was the focal point of the complex, which served to ensure the deceased king's safe journey and survival in the afterlife. Throughout each dynasties, it is evident that the pyramid developed from the mastaba through to Djoser's step pyramid then many of Snoferu's experimental false pyramids and finally to the true pyramids at Giza and thus Kanawati stated "the Egyptian builders arrive at the final pyramidal after a series of experimental monuments developed from the basic mastaba shape" From D3 to D4, the core was made from local limestone and the outer facing with Tura limestone. Internal passages and chambers were usually lines with pink granite from Aswan. By D5, resources were dwindling and building materials were becoming less available and this is evident from examining the core of the pyramids which were now built from mud bricks and rubbles, and pink granite was now only used for lintels, jambs and columns. The pyramid also reflect religious significance of that time. Breasted believes that "…the king was buried under the very symbol of the sun god…the pyramid rose above…dominating the royal city below…it was the loftiest object which greeted the sun god…and his charming ray glittered on the shining summit". The four corners of the pyramid aligned with the four cardinal points and the entrance always faced the north, the circumpolar star. The Egyptians regarded the pyramid as the staircase in order for the king to reach his heavenly destination as can be seen in Pyramid Text spell 508 where it is written "I have trodden those rays as a ramp under my feet where on I mount up to that...
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added: 12/06/2011