Medicine
Lisa looks at herself in the mirror. She turns around and takes a good look at herself. She is thinking: " How can everyone else be so skinny while I am so fat? ". In fact Lisa is a high school student. Lately her situation has been worsening. Not only does she feel guilty when she eats, but she also purges it up when she is finished. This can be the beginning of an eating disorder called Bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders are amongst the most common psychiatric syndromes, and leads to most treatment seeking, inpatient hospitalisation, suicide attempts and mortality (Stice 2002). This essay will point out the most significant risk factors for Bulimia nervosa and Anorexia nervosa and the most common methods for treatment and prevention of these factors. The diagnoses for the diseases Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) are different. However, they are very similar and share many common risk factors with a few variations. Furthermore, the patients are moving frequently between the disorders (Fariburn and Harrison 2003). As a result of this, and for the simplicity and the required length for this essay. I will address them both as only eating disorders and allocate the risk factors to both AN and BN. In addition, this essay will be organised by presenting the most common risk factors followed by how they can be prevented and treated. Fariburn and Harrison (2003) along with most researchers advocate that being a female is the most important risk factor concerning eating disorder. Among those who have eating disorder are 90% females. The next significant factor is the age adolescence and early adulthood (Fariburn and Harrison 2003). These are both very significant factors and have also led to the fact that the majority of the research reports only target the female population in...
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added: 12/26/2011
Bills risk factors for heart disease are high blood cholesterol. Cholesterol, a fat-like substance carried in your blood, is found in all of your body's cells. Several risk factors that are definitely associated with the development of these diseases include smoking, hypertension, and physical inactivity. Extra weight is thought to lead to increased total cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Obesity increases your chances of developing other risk factors for heart disease, especially high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes. Heart problems are the leading cause of death among people with diabetes, especially in the case of adult-onset or Type II diabetes. Cigarette smoking increases your risk of lung cancer, but fewer realize that it also greatly increases your risk of heart disease and peripheral vascular disease (disease in the vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs). Men have a higher risk of heart attack than women. Older age is a risk factor for heart disease. In fact, about 4 of every 5 deaths due to heart disease occur in people older than 65. Heart disease tends to run in families, if your parents or siblings had a heart or circulatory problem before age 55, then you is at greater risk for heart disease than someone who does not have that family history. Bill should see your doctor for a medical evaluation before beginning a physical activity program. Once you have received medical clearance, it is important to get appropriate guidelines from a qualified instructor who can prescribe a safe and effective exercise program to meet Bill's specific needs. The risk of cardiac arrest is slightly elevated during exercise your heart contracts more frequently and pumps more blood with each contraction than your would are at rest. Perform cardiovascular exercises that...
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added: 02/01/2012
Ritalin remains the leading drug prescribed in the United States for the treatment of Attention deficit disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). Since the debut of Ritalin in 1956, numerous doctors began prescribing it because of its calming effect on hyperactive children. ADD and Ritalin continue to rise each year and now the United States consumes ninety percent of the world's Ritalin. In fact, today, more than two million kids take Ritalin on a daily basis. Could the US be plagued by ADD or has our society's insatiable desire for success pushed for a quick fix to an ambiguous unproven disorder? In order to examine the deluge of Ritalin into the United States, one needs to understand ADD or ADHD. Symptoms of ADD include, lack of attention, forgetfulness, lack in listening, and disorganization. Imagine a fourth-grader in class, trying to read along with the book but simply looks outside and sees someone mowing the lawn. Instead of reading, he finds the mowing much more enjoyable and diverts his attention outside the window. A teacher looks over, and sees the student looking out the window. Instead of trying to get his attention, he wonders if he could be ADD or ADHD. Lack of concentration, which everyone has at some point, has led to the assessment of these disorders. But does ADD or ADHD actually exist? In fact, is no actual empirical evidence to support that ADD actually exists. For instance, imagine a child of about ten years old named Eric growing up in today's society. Eric comes home from an average day at school and wants to relax. He grabs a snack after a tiring day at school. As he eats the snack he sits down to watch some television. After watching some type of program Eric eventually gets bored. Instead of trying to do something constructive such as reading or exercising, Eric decides to put in a play station game and indulge...
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added: 12/10/2011
Ticks and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever What are ticks? Ticks are not insects like fleas, flies,and lice, but are arachnids like mites and spiders. They are classified into two families based on their structure. The family Argasidea contains the argasid ticks, which are soft-shelled. Their body lacks a hard shell which is the protective outer covering found on some ticks. The other tick family is named Ixodidae and these ticks possess the hard outer covering, and therefore, are termed hard-shelled ticks. The two hard shelled ticks, Dermacentor andersoni and Dermacentor variabilis are responsible for spreading the organism that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. All ticks have three pairs of legs during the immature stage and four pairs as an adult. Ticks possess a sensory apparatus called Haller's organ that senses odor, heat and humidity. They use this organ to locate their food source. A tick's diet consists of only blood and ticks require a blood meal to progress to each successive stage in their life. What is the life cycle of ticks? Most ticks are three host ticks. This means that during their development which takes two years, they feed on three different hosts. All ticks have four stages to their life cycle: egg, larvae, nymph, and adult. An example of a life cycle would be to look at the deer tick. Adult female deer ticks lay eggs on the ground in spring. Later in the summer the eggs hatch into larvae (seed ticks). The larvae find an animal ( the first host, which is usually a bird or rodent), live off it's blood for several days, then detach and fall back onto the ground. For deer ticks, this most commonly occurs in the month of August. In the ground the larvae now molt into the next stage called nymphs. These nymphs remain inactive...
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added: 02/20/2012
The innovative theories and filmmaking techniques of Dziga Vertov revolutionized the way films are made today. Man With a Movie Camera (1929), a documentary that represented the peak of the Soviet avant-garde film movement in the twenties, displayed techniques in montage, creative camera angles, rich imagery, but most importantly allowed him to express his theories of his writings of Kino-eye (the camera). The film has a very simple plot that describes an average day in Russia, yet the final pieces of this film emerge a complex and fast-paced production that excites the audience. Vertov's ability to use radical editing techniques with unconventional filming to present ordinary things has inspired many directors around the world. And still now modern avant-garde movies apply many of these same techniques to dramatize simple and complex stories. Vertov was one of the greatest innovators of Soviet cinema in the post WWI era. During this time, the freedom to make films was limited due to low stock of supply. Vertov and his colleagues had to be very creative and innovative if they were going produce anything at all. 'The Kuleshov Workshop', a workshop class at the Moscow Film School led by Lev Kuleshov included famous Soviet filmmakers like Vsevolod Pudovkin and Sergei Eisenstein, but excluded Vertov. This is significant to the fact that Vertov was very different than any other Russian director. Unlike the other Russian filmmakers, Vertov usually captured people with a candid-camera that allowed him to portray the truth, for example in his series called Kino-Pravada 1922-1925. "Not 'filming life unawares' for the sake of the 'unawares', but in order to show people without masks, without makeup, to catch them through the eye of the camera in a moment when they are not acting..." (41 Vertov) His original ways of thinking, isolated him from all other filmmakers....
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added: 09/25/2011
Ephedra (Ma huang) Ma huang is an herb that has been used in China for over three thousand years. Ephedra contains ephedrine alkaloids, which are naturally occurring compounds found in plants. Another alkaloid in ma huang, pseudoephedrine, is less potent than ephedrine and is used in common cold remedies. For the last several years, there has been a great deal of debate involving the use of weight loss products that contain ephedra (also known as ma huang). Some in the medical establishment have claimed that ephedra is unsafe; on the other side of the coin are millions of consumers who rely on these products to aid them in weight loss. The only way to understand what is accurate about ephedra regarding its safety and efficacy as a metabolic enhancer which produces weight reduction is to examine all of the scientific evidence available. Effectiveness of Ephedra in Weight Loss The most important question that needs to be answered is Does ephedra work in reducing weight? There have been hundreds of studies done on ephedra¡¯s weight loss properties since the early 1990s, and every one of them shows that ephedra has the capacity to help lower body weight substantially. Let us look at six significant studies which demonstrate why ephedra is the gold standard for weight loss. ¡ö Recently, a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study by James Blum, Ph.D. and Peter Marshall, M.D., in which the protocol had IRB approval, was completed. The results demonstrated 92% of the participants had significant eight loss using an ephedra/caffeine-based weight reducing agent. After eight weeks, the ephedra/caffeine group lost 12.75 pounds, while the placebo group lost only 5.63 pounds. The study group also lost 6.28 percent body fat, while the placebo group lost 2.73 percent body fat. There were no major adverse events reported. This study has just been submitted for...
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added: 12/23/2011
The article regarding salmonella poisoning mentions that nearly 200 innocent customers of a local bakery suffered from this infectious disease. It is said that the bakery owner and staff had unsanitary conditions in which they worked in. What exactly infected these people was the cannoli filling which was poorly handled. This particular filling which is contributed to making Black Forest Cake had been contaminated with salmonella bacteria. The cause of how this bacteria came into effect could be connected to infected dairy products or very poor employee sanitation. Clinton Township bakery is being thoroughly investigated on the bacteria that infected many people in Macomb County. The punishment toward this one bakery is unknown at the present time but is said to be "still a work in progress". The department of Agriculture will decide on what the results will be. Although the bakery is going through speculation they are still operating under the terms products which contain cannoli be excluded from the menu. Other then that exception the bakery has every right to keep running their business. Due to the contamination a report confirms that out of 196 victims 24 were actually hospitalized. The victims reactions to this bacteria ranged from diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, fever and vomiting. No cases reported any related deaths to this investigation. Sometime this week 32 more people will join in the pursuit to sue the bakery for inefficient sanitation. What the results are from this case are not given in this point in time. My reaction to this article is in complete disgust to the unsanitary situations the food was presented in. If you are going to sell food to the public you need to make sure that you treat the food as if you were to eat it. Hand washing is a major factor along with making...
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added: 01/31/2012
Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling brain disease, affecting about one percent of the population. It is ¡§marked by severe distortion and disorganization of thought, perception, and affect, by bizarre behavior and by social withdrawal.¡¨ 1 Although schizophrenia has likely been around for a very long time, it wasn¡¦t recognized as a disease until the late 19th century. In 1896, Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist, made the first medical breakthrough in this specific disease by listing symptoms of it. Kraeplin was familiar in the field and was famed for his work with the mentally ill. The term schizophrenia was first used by Eugene Blauer to describe this disorder in 1911. Although this word, in Greek, means, ¡§split mind¡¨, it doesn¡¦t mean that schizophrenics had split personalities. It refers to how schizophrenics split themselves from reality through delusions and hallucinations of the mind. There are many causes of schizophrenia and many factors that contribute to this disease. ¡§Family studies of the genetics of schizophrenia show that the more closely one is related to a schizophrenic, the more likely one is to develop schizophrenia.¡¨1 ¡§Another cause of Schizophrenia is said to be because of severely dysfunctional and stressful family functions such as if a child lived in an environment of constant hostility and anxiety and in which there is no security. If a child has a strong genetic schizophrenic background, and the child is brought up in a bad environment, the chances of this child of contracting the disease are increased.¡¨1 There are many other causes being researched such as ¡§trauma at birth, viruses or infections at an early age, trauma at an early age, chemical imbalance and protein abnormalities¡¨2. There are numerous research studies being conducted to learn more about the cause of this potentially disabling disease. Schizophrenia first appears in an individual through drastic changes...
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added: 11/21/2011
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder characterized by hallucinations (mostly being hearing voices), delusions (beliefs with no basis in reality), and disturbances in speech. Psychiatrists classify the symptoms into negative and positive categories for schizophrenia. The positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and an altered sense of self. The negative symptoms are a lack of motivation or apathy, blunted feelings, depression or social withdraw. There are three main types of Schizophrenias. The first type is Paranoid Schizophrenic; people with this suffer preoccupation with persecutory and/or grandiose delusions. The second type is Disorganized Schizophrenic; they suffer from speech and behavior problems and they have a flat of inappropriate affect. The third type is Catatonic Schizophrenic; in this case the person gets motor immobility or excessive motor activity that is purposeless, peculiar movements, echolalia or echopraxia. In America there are about 2.2 million people with this illness. That might seem like a lot, but most of the cases get overlooked. They sometimes get called "Nervous Breakdowns" or just "Bad nerves". There have been studies done to see if different groups of people have a greater tendency to get the illness. But so far nothing has been proved. Some groups might seem like they are less at risk, but nothing can be proved so until then there can be no connections made. Although studies show that cases of the illness in Europe have declined over the years, in America they have increased slowly just about every year. So they are trying to figure out why this is. Changes in the chemistry of the brain, changes in the structure of the brain, genetics, viral infections, and head injuries all play a part in what may be the cause of this disease. There are billions of nerve cells in the brain, each one having branches that transmit and...
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added: 02/15/2012
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder, which severely impacts the way 1% of people worldwide think, feel, and act. The term comes from the Greek, schizo meaning 'splitting' and phrenia meaning 'of the mind'. Therefore schizophrenia literally can be defined as a split mind. This disorder makes it hard for a person to differentiate between real and imagined experiences. It weakens their abilities to think logically, express normal emotions, and behave properly in social situations. Schizophrenia is a serious thought disorder, which affects one's work, family, social life and an individual's capacity to function. It is extremely draining on the ill person, as well as the people who care for them. In 1809 John Haslam and Philip Pinel observed first symptoms. As time went another man by the name of B. Morel came up with a term demence precoce, which he observed in little boy. But it was still not until the 1800's when a German psychiatrist, Dr. Emil Kraepelin had actually categorized the subtypes of a single syndrome. The three subtypes were hebephrenia, catatonia, and paranoia. He was mistaken when he said that this syndrome was incurable and early onset. In the 20th century a Swiss psychiatrist Dr. Eugen Bleuler had a different idea where he explained that schizophrenia might in fact be curable and possibly manifested later on in life. He was the one that explained that schizophrenia meant split of the mind and not split of personality. His four primary symptoms included loosening of associations, ambivalence, autism, and affective disturbance (Nietzel, Speltz, McCauley, Bernstein, 1998). While Europeans used Kraepelin's criteria, North Americans used Bleuler's. In 1959, K. Schneider had conducted a research and classified delusions and hallucinations as primary symptoms of schizophrenia. During the last half of the nineteenth century different subtypes of what we now call schizophrenia were described...
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added: 11/08/2011
2. Recovery: Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. It's only natural to want to get back on track and begin to participate in life again. Recovery can only begin, however, when there is a desire to be healthy. As I talk with families who have a loved one with schizophrenia or any other serious mental illness, the topic of how to motivate him/her away from a destitute life spent watching t.v. on the couch 24 x 7. There are two things that come to my mind regarding motivation. First, a person needs to know that there is a great possibility of developing a new life after the onset of mental illness. Without that knowledge, there is no hope to live nor reason to want to be healthy. Repeatedly, I was told that I would be affected by schizophrenia and wouldn't be able to do everything I had once wanted to do prior to the onset. Wrong. The truth is that there is hope for those that believe. It may and probably will take time. Months may pass before you see signs of recovered health, but time spent in recovery is an investment that will bring forth a future that will give you freedoms and options that one does not have while living under the umbrella of the mental health system. The second thing that comes to mind regarding the couch potato life-style is contribution. During the second week of my hospitalization, I began to see how recovery depended upon my ability to use the skills that I had. Once I began to redevolp those Activities of Daily living I mentioned above, I was able to ponder the important things in life. Eventhough it was going to take years to build my strength up again, I decided that I would begin to help people while I...
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added: 12/29/2011
NUR 101- Ms. Lee Extra Credit The Facts About Scleroderma Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease that was first described in the 18th century. The term scleroderma means "hard skin," which describes thickening of the skin from increased deposits of collagen. There are two types of scleroderma. Localized scleroderma affects the skin in limited areas and the musculoskeletal system. Systemic sclerosis causes more widespread skin changes and may be associated with internal organ damage in the lungs, heart and kidneys. It can cause arthritis, slow contractions in the gastrointestinal tract, muscle inflammation, dry eyes and dry mouth. Most people with scleroderma have cold-induced spasms of small blood vessels in their hands or feet, known as Raynaud's phenomenon, which causes the fingers or toes to turn white or blue and may be painful (http://www.rheumatology.org/patients/factsheet/scler.html). Localized Scleroderma is more common in children. It is usually found in only a few places on the skin or in the muscles and rarely, if ever, does localized scleroderma develop into the systemic form of the disease. Systemic Sclerosis may affect the connective tissue in many parts of the body, e.g. the skin, the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, kidneys, heart and other internal organs. It may also affect blood vessels, muscles and joints and is life threatening Scleroderma can range from a minor skin lesion to a debilitating and fatal disease. (http://swcybermall.com/scleroderma/about.htm). In most cases, the cause of scleroderma is unknown. However, in a small minority of cases, scleroderma or scleroderma-like illnesses are associated with exposure to certain toxins or as a complication of bone marrow transplants. Scleroderma is not contagious and is rarely inherited. Systemic sclerosis is associated with over-activation of the immune system, which normally functions to protect the body against cancers and invading infections. This causes damage to cells that line small blood vessels, which in turn leads...
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added: 12/28/2011
I take a knife and place it to my wrist and cut deep watching the blood drip down ever so slowly, one drop at a time relieving me of the pain I feel making it so every one can see, They can see my pain but no one help me because I am different BECAUSE I cut and not cry, they all are too late any way my blood is running down my arm I feel a little less pain now I am just a mutation of the human race I don't belong all I can do is just cut. By: Darshana Dave Did you know that the prevalence of self-injurious behavior is put in the range of 700 to 1,400 cases per 100,000 population (Self Injury-A Search). Self mutilation is a serious mental disease and it does have specific causes, it also is very hard to detect and even harder to treat. A self mutilator is hard to point out because some of the "Normal" or "Average" looking people are self mutilators. Most of them have a mental illness and they don't even know about it. When they are confronted by others, they tend to close their self out from the rest of the world. That is why it is very important to confront them with caution because it just might push them off the edge. Most people don't know what self mutilation is. Self mutilation is when a person deliberately harms body tissue without the conscious intent to commit suicide. It is an intentional act (Self Injury-A Search). This type of act is also a voluntary act of harming themselves (Now Chang-Self Mutilation). Self-Injurious behavior or SIB is also referred to as self-harm, self-abuse, and self-mutilation (When The Cut). Most mutilators self injure by scaring , burning, carving, and even picking and pulling off the own skin and hair (Now Change-Self Mutilation). The most common mutilator is a cutter. Cutters are people who cut their own...
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added: 10/02/2011
Self injury When most people face stress, they talk to a friend or squeeze a stress ball. However, when a small number of people feel that their life is getting them down, they revert to dangerous behaviors in order to alleviate the feelings they are experiencing. These people, when under stress, may revert to cutting themselves, burning their skin, or engaging in other behaviors that cause themselves physical harm. Because other people view such behaviors as being very extreme, they may feel that the people who do them are merely trying to attract attention to themselves. However, when a person purposefully injures themselves, they are not attracting attention but instead are suffering from a disorder known as self injury. Self injury is defined as a variety of behaviors, "resulting in the destruction of one's own tissue. These behaviors, including scratching, burning or cutting the skin, pulling out hair, breaking bones, amputation, and eye enucleation, can have a likewise variable assortment of causes" ("Definition" 1). Because of the wide range of self injuring behaviors, scientists have come up with three major categories in order to classify them. These categories are based upon "the degree of harm, the rate, and the pattern of behavior." The categories are major, stereotypic, and superficial self mutilation (1). Major self mutilation include "acts that severely damage a significant amount of body tissue. These are injuries that can only be inflicted once, such as eye enucleation, facial skinning, amputation of the limbs, breasts or genitals." People who engage in major self mutilation often have other disorders which cause them to recede into a "zombie-like" state that enables them not to feel the pain of such drastic injuries ("Definition" 2). Stereotypic self mutilation describes "repetitive, sometimes rhythmic, acts, the most common form being head-banging. Other forms include orifice digging, hitting,...
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added: 09/20/2011
While I was working on databases and spreadsheets at the American Red Cross, for hours at a time, I would often think to myself, "what is service learning, and why do we have to do it?" Most of the time, I simply thought of it as forced volunteerism, with no real direction, or purpose. This is due to the fact that the reason that we were made to volunteer was not exactly revealed to us. So, I decided, for my paper, to make some discoveries about Service Learning. These discoveries would be made most likely by viewing other schools' programs, which implement service learning. The facts that would be of most interest are, service learning itself, the definition of service learning, the benefits of service learning, and finally, how service learning should and needs to be implemented into the curriculum, most importantly, the pharmacy curriculum. I thought, before heading into my service learning experience at the Red Cross, that Duquesne's pharmacy school would already have a grasp of the concept of service learning, how it should be implemented into the curriculum, and most importantly, how it benefits the students. Benefit to the students, has to be the most important aspect of the entire concept, because if there is no real benefit to the students, there is no good reason to waste valuable time on an education strategy known as service learning. The education strategy that is known as service learning is not a new strategy at all. The roots of service learning can be traced back to the 1930's. It was during this time that a man by the name of John Dewey founded the concepts that would eventually lead to the formation of service learning. This was apparent in his assessment of education, in which, he theorized that effective learning required...
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added: 01/21/2012
A fairly new illness that has been emerging in various places around the world, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, also known as SARS is a virus which causes the lungs to hemorrhage and bleed. Cases of this virus have been seen in the U.S., China, Canada, and other countries. The virus seems not to hit the young and old but the middle aged, around fifty or so. It was also odd how the virus victims did not seem to have any previous health problems. SARS is accompanied with high fever, headache, sore throat, dry cough, muscular stiffness. It spreads through droplets from sneezing or coughing; contact with contaminated objects. People who are frequent travelers and have visited the infected places or those in contact with anyone infected are at risk to get SARS. There is no known cure for SARS as yet. While doctors and researchers are grappling with the problem trying to work out an effective medicine. Presently the patients are treated symptomatically with antibiotics and steroids. To prevent SARS infection if near infected person, wash hands often or use alcohol-based hand rubs, avoid contact with patient's body fluids, wear a mask. On March 10, before anyone had heard the term SARS, 18 doctors, nurses and medical students in Hong Kong's Prince of Wales Hospital were out with fevers Every doctor, nurse or medical student who had examined the 26-year-old man who was admitted to the hospital, all the patients around him, and, eventually, people who came in touch with these cases were infected. Five died. This problem has created many global issues and uncertainties, especially creating a setback in traveling via any Asian countries. Persuasive Speech There is without qualm that the SARS outbreak is dangerous and fatal. However, this should not prevent you from going on with your daily lives. New problems are...
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added: 01/05/2012
The founder of this web site is Heather Corinna. She has been producing sexual education websites since 1997. The copy right of this site is 1997 but also notes that it is copy written in 2003 as well, which leads me to assume that it has been updated recently. However, there is nothing proving that the site is updated on a regular basis. This site is very informational and covers very many topics; there is anywhere from twenty to thirty pages of information. I was unable to find any discrepancies but I did find some similarities. For example, in the politics and Disabilities section of the site, they state that "one common stereotype is that disabled people just aren't sexual". Our text also explains this by saying that "people with disabilities are often seen as sexless and child like" (p. 295). The scarleteen website also discusses that "the other common myth is that, if disabled people do have sexual feelings, then we must go around in a permanent state of frustration," (Politics and Disabilities). Our text book also explains this fact by saying that "some stereotype retarded people in the opposite direction: as having stronger- than- normal sex drives and being incapable of controlling them". (p.297) I personally think that the sexYOUality and reproduction sections are the most relevant on the website. These sections help young people become familiar with their bodies in a tasteful way. This site uses the correct terms in a way that young people can understand and relate to. The sexYOUality section has illustrations and descriptions of all the male and female sex organs. It also contains tips on how to take care of your body and things you can do to become more familiar with it. In the reproduction section, it offers a quick and...
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added: 02/09/2012
Cloning is what makes another human being a human. People study cloning everyday of their lives and make money doing it. Cloning really is a way of life to some people. What do you know about cloning and do you think we should accept it? The word clone had many different meanings. The scientific meaning is organisms in your body handed down through asexual reproduction. Clone is a word given to us by the Greek. The word then meant "twig" (Cohen 9). The first thing people cloned were a sheep called Dolly. She was the first mammal to be cloned ("Cloning" 39,40). Another term you will need to know is chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are identical structures that have genetical material in them. Plasmids are particles found in some bacteria and yeast's ("Clone" 684,685). Cloning is a very old process. People have been cloning for over two thousand years and haven't even known it. People who grow plants from stem cuttings are cloning that plant. Scientists think that a German scientist Hans Spemann first discussed cloning. In 1952, two American researchers transplanted the nucleus from a cell of an embryo frog to a denucleated frog egg (Newton 39,40). Once the egg cell detected that it had a full set of chromosomes it began to divide and grow on its own ("History of Cloning" online). When an earthworm is cut in half they make themselves again to complete the missing parts (Travers 17). Cloning has many different stages. One of the stages is called the two – cell stage. If an egg completely separates during the two – cell stage, identical twins will be the result. Both people will have exactly the same genes. A man by the name of Steen Willadsen developed a way to divide sheep embryos. This is what made cloning possible (Travers 17). Willadsen also...
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added: 02/11/2012
As far back as the birth of America there have been executions of all imaginable types used to punish the undesirables of society. There were executions such as lynching and utilizing a fire squad to execute the individual. The thought of this type of punishment being performed in this century would be horrific. America has come a long way in incorporating more humane punishments when certain members of society cannot obey the "rules". One cannot help to think if the present ultimate punishment, lethal injection, is justifiable. When it comes to punishing the criminal, according to the crime committed, members of society are the ones that decide if he or she must spend time in prison or be executed. Capital punishment is and has always been a controversial topic. With issues to consider, such as the moral of this action and who is justified in terminating a human life, the issues are not easily resolved. Recently, this issue has become even more controversial because there is a possibility that registered physicians might be willing to assist in executions. As it stands right now physicians are not involved in the execution process but it might soon become a reality that they can or will be involved. Should Americans let a physician get involved in aiding the execution of a criminal? No, this should never be allowed to happen. Currently, the American Medical Association condemns any active participation by a physician in an execution. This is because there are written medical honor codes and oaths that prohibit this type of action. Our American legislature should never allow a physician to be involved in such an act because it is not medically necessary, a criminals life should not be measured by what is the most economic way to execute, and a physicians primary...
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added: 09/29/2011
Although heart disease is the number one leading cause of death in the United States, killing 948,088 people a year, one would think that it would receive majority governmental funding for disease related research, but it doesn't. The number two leading cause of death in the United States is cancer, killing 529,904 people a year and neither does it receive majority of governmental funding. AIDS ranks 17th among killer diseases, yet it receives far more research dollars than any other disease. It receives $1.8 billion a year in funding, a third of all federal research dollars. As of 1998, AIDS received a total of $2,400 per patient while heart disease received only $108 per patient (Gene 17). Diabetes, which kills more people annually than AIDS and breast cancer combined, received $28 per patient (Gene 17). So why should AIDS research receive more federal dollars than the sixteen other diseases that claim more lives? Federal dollars for AIDS research must be limited because AIDS research is taking an unreasonable share of funding (Courrèges 4). Coleman 2 The American Heart Association reports, cardiovascular diseases have been America's number one killer for more than seventy-five years, nearing one million deaths per year. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, cardiovascular disease deaths are twenty-two times higher than AIDS deaths. Cancer is the number two killer, with the number of deaths thirteen times higher than those from AIDS. But NIH's (National Institute of Health) $1.8 billion in AIDS research is first among diseases. For every $1,000 that NIH spends on medical care, $11.15 is for heart disease, $6.18 for stroke, $3.20 for diabetes, $77.13 for cancer, but $125.87 for HIV/AIDS (Shilts pg.130-131). Of the forty-three percent of its budget that NIH spends on disease related research, heart disease receives $903 million (16.5 percent of all...
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added: 01/19/2012