Taimur Ali Tiwana

2478675


Management has been around since the dawn of civilization. In primitive societies everyone had to do labour. When we read that Pharaoh built the Pyramids, we know that in fact other people did that actual work, as these labourers cut, moved, and placed the stones. The first managers were to tell them what to do, to see what they did it, and to chastise those whose performance was unsatisfactory. Another example of Management in the ancient times is the Great Wall of China.

Management is vital in every type of organization. The duty of a manager is to set high standards by intelligently and efficiently leading its organization by adapting to new ways as required by the society. The 21st century has seen new types of organizations and new ways of doing business arise, so, too will there be new management trends, ideas, and techniques.

In the last three decades a large number of management theories and concepts were presented but the primary challenge to the previous bureaucratic management theories came from the successful Japanese business culture, which sent shockwaves through Western business thinking in the 1970's.

An organization may have more than one manager who have special concerns that may be at the highest and the lowest level and set long term goals and sometimes are involved in the day to day activity of the business. Managers try to accomplish their objectives in the shortest period of time and in an organized manner. They have to make instant decisions and inability to cope with change in result in disastrous consequences including not only financial loss but also the loss of organizational reputation. Wise managers having acumen apply the best current thinking and strategy.

Organizations in today's global environment operate dynamically. Introduction of sophisticated new economies, technological advancements and competition from emerging...